contoh thesis

		CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1  Background of the Study A literary work created based on either factual information or not is to be appreciated. In appreciating the literary work- try to get the truth that is reflected in that literary work is one of the ways for us to appreciate or understand the literary work. In other word, literary man writes his literary work can be based on factual information or only what he imagines that he expresses in his literary work. In literary work certainly is often seen event or case that is depicted in that literary work. Because of the skill and ability of the writer’s imagination that event is as if factually really happens. Moreover, if it is supported by the setting and lifelikeness of the characters and it is affiliated by historical setting and event, it will be more reliable to the readers as if the readers find something or event as they find in reality. Then, the event that is depicted in the literary work is felt as not story but as the thing or event that factually really happens in reality. It is because of the skill of the writer. A literary work is sometimes coincidentally written based on factual information, event or other cases that really happen as Nurgiyantoro (2002: 100) says that a literary work can be written based on factual information. In other word, the event or issue that is highlighted in literary work really exists in reality before that literary work produced. Example gratia, a poem, as the simplest genre of literature, besides it contains issue the value of life, social, psychology, it also contains the historical value. Hence the reader often finds the historical fact that is related to the age when the poet lived- the poet was skillful of that history. The poem that contains historical fact does not discuss about history but it is merely a way to place or understand and appreciate the poem itself. Simply this poem can be analyzed by using historical approach as Ainudin (2002: 171) says in his book that historical approach does not discuss about historical aspect outright because the final purpose of historical approach is to understand or appreciate the poem itself. In other word, this approach is basically the way to appreciate literary work. One of the literary works that contains historical fact is The Defence of Lucknow. This poem is classified as narrative poem since this poem tell us about the event- the battle of British versus Sepoys. Narrative poem is a poem that emphasizes on event/ action or plot (Gillespie et. al, 1994:990). In addition this poem was published in April 1879. This poem was written by Alfred Tennyson-the great poet of Victorian Age. Tennyson lived and produced literary works in 19th century. In the beginning of the era there was unlimited progress. The sense of self satisfaction or complacency resulted from immense stride that England had taken in industrial revolution and scientific field. The nation was growing richer and richer every day. The British Empire was already in reality- the colonizing mission of English was already bringing up rich dividends, and the country that became the victim of British colonizing mission was India (Tilak, 1999:1). The British expansion to India began when the English India Company extended its control over India’s territory throughout 18th -19th century. The agreement made by Indian princes provided for the place of British troops within the state. To pay the troops the British were often given income collection right in certain part of the state. This gave them indirect control over these areas. And in 1773 the British parliament passed from the regulating act. The first of the series was that gave British governor greater control over the English East India company. From this aroused the battle of British versus Sepoys. Actually the causes of the battle of British versus Sepoys had diverse causes: economy, religion, culture, and military. From this causes the most influential toward Sepoys was military since Sepoys were native Indian army who served the armies of the British East India Company who know that British would convert them into Christianity. It was rumored that the British had started the issue new gunpowder cartridge that had cow and pig fat on them which insulted both Hindu and Moslem in India. To load the old musket and new rifle, soldier had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder, it contained into the rifle’s muzzle. Then stuff the cartridge case, which was typically paper coated which some kind of grease before loading it. Another case in military that Sepoys were given low payment after British troops conquered Awadh and Punjab. The soldiers also no longer received extra pay (batta) for service. Finally an officer of Evangelical persuasion in the company’s army (such as Herbert Edwards and Colonel S.G Whaler) had taken to preach the Sepoys in the hope of converting them into Christianity. In conclusion, from religious and military had big influences each other since these causes happened in the Sepoys.   A rumored spread that the cartridge that were standard with this rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslim, or tallow (beef fat) which was regarded sacred to Hindu. A Hindu who ate cow’s meat or every thing related to it, would loose their caste with dreadful consequence both in the present life and the next life. Sepoys Mutiny (1857) was widespread but unsuccessful rebellion. It begun in Meerut,  and then spread to Delhi, Cownpore, and Lucknow, and the place that became a war of cry for British was Cownpore since the killing of women and children of the British happened in this place. From the depiction above I am interested to highlight the issue above about Sepoy Mutiny that is actually the battle of British versus Sepoys. The most interesting is in which the British made new gunpowder cartridges that had cow and pig fat on them that insulted both Hindu and Muslim and when the British intended to convert them to Christianity (http://en.wikipedia.org) 1.2  Formulation of the Problem Considering about the background of the study that depict the case about the battle of British versus Sepoys in which it is very interesting topic, so that I would like to search, How is the battle of British versus Sepoys explored in Alfred Tennyson’s The Defence of Lucknow? 1.3 Objective of the Study The objective of the study and the formulation of the problem must be in line. In other word, the objective of the study is the answer of the problem formulation. Therefore, this analysis intends to elaborate how the battle of British versus Sepoys is explored in Alfred Tennyson’s The Defence of Lucknow. 1.4 Uses of the Study The uses of the study is divided into two; practical use and theoretical use.   1.4.1 Practical Use This analysis hopefully can enrich and broaden the researcher’s and the readers’ knowledge about history especially about the battle of British versus Sepoys. 1.4.2 Theoretical Use This analysis intends to provide an issue in literary work especially poem analyzed from event/ action or plot. 1.5 Scope of the Study To dig up the issue that is depicted in this poem, I will analyze event/ action or plot of the poem to describe the issue conveyed in this poem. In this analysis the historical fact is really needed to analyze the poem. CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 The Brief History of British Expansion to India The English East India Company continued its control over India’s territory throughout 18th -19th century. The agreement made with Indian princes provided the place of British troops in this state. In paying the troops the British were often given income collecting right in certain part of the state. It gave them indirect control over these areas. The British made military means and got the profit from it. In the late 1700s they were drawn in the conflict when the Sultan of Hyderaabaad asked for the British assistance against his rival. The Marathas and Tipu Sahid, the Sultan of Mysore. In 1799 the British attacked Seringapatam, Tipus’ Capital and defeated the troops. Tipus was killed in defending his city. The British annexed much of Mysore outright. They control the reminder through new sultan they installed. After a series of battle (1775-1782, 1803-1805, 1817-1818) with the Marathas the British also succeeded in bringing Marathas land under their control. In 1773 the British parliament passed from regulating act, the first of a series act that gave British governor greater control over the English India Company. Under the Regulating act, the company was still permitted to continue handling all trading matter and to have its own troops, but its activities were supervised by parliament. The act also established the post of the governor- general of India and made the holder of the office directly to the British government Warren Hasting became the first governor –general of India in 1774. The British continued to make major change in administration of their working square. The three presidencies (administrative districts)-Bengal, Bombay, and Madras used different system of fixing responsibility for payment of the taxes. In Bengal, only local landed gentry had responsibility to pay the fixed amount of taxes for the ownership of large estates. Under the agreement the British did not share in gain of any potential improvement to agriculture productivity. By contrast in Madras and Bombay, person cultivator paid annual taxes directly to the government. The tax rate could be adjusted in different payment. So in this case the British could get the benefit from agriculture field.  A civil service system was developed that admitted British officers were to trained in the college and paid them handsomely to reduce corruption. Meanwhile, the development of textile industry in Britain forced a transformation of India’s company. India had to produce raw cotton for export and buy manufactured goods –including cloths from England, while the cottage industries that produced textile in India were ruined because the cloths from England were sold cheaper than Indian products. At the same time British attitude toward Indian culture changed until about 1800 the English East India Company trader adapted themselves to the country, wearing Indian dress, learning Sanskrit, and sometimes taking Indian mistresses. A British rule strengthened, and influential Evangelical Christian movement emerged in the early 19th century. Indian custom were judged more harshly. Missionaries who had been hidden or keep out by the company for fear they would upset Indian and thus disrupted or disturbed commerce. Law was passed to abolish Indian custom such as suttee (the immolation of a widow on her husband funeral pyre).  In 18th century company officer such as William Jones, a scholar of Sanskrit who discovered the relationship of indo European language, who felt Indian thought and literature were no value, replaced them by British subject. In 1835 English was enforced as language of the government. Under the relationship of governor-general James Andrew Brown Ramsay, 10th earl of Dalhousie, in 1849 continued to expand after two wars with Sikh the Sikh state of Punjab. Dalhousie also annexed Satara, Jaipur, Sambalpur, Jhansi, and Naghpur. When Dalhousie’s tenure (the term of his position) was also remarked various improvements and reforms: the construction of the rail road, bridge, road, and irrigation system and the establishment of telegraph. These innovation and reforms, however, aroused enthusiasm among Indian people; many of them regarded the modernization of their country (http://www.english.emory) 2.2 The Battle of British versus Sepoy    The battle of British versus Sepoy was also called as Sepoy Mutiny or Sepoy Rebellion. The battle actually had diverse causes- economy, religion, military, and culture. The Sepoy of Bengal Armies had their own claims against the company, mainly caused by ethnic gab between officer and their Indian troops (sepoys). It was also rumored that the British had started to issue new gunpowder cartridges that had cow and pig fat on them, which insulted both Hindu and Muslim. Some Indian came to believe that the British intended to convert them to Christianity. Many of English East India Company’s officers tried to convert their Sepoys. This was strongly encouraged by company and also the doctrine of lapse, part of British policy expansion- if feudal ruler did not leave a male heir (inheritance) outright i.e. their own child not an adopted one, the land became the property of the British East India Company. The Indian were unhappy with heavy handed rule of the company that had enlarged expansion and westernization. This included the abusing of many customs such as suttee (suicidal widow burning). From the economy that British took the taxation from Bombay, Bengal, and Madras by using different system that made them getting much benefit from it without any sharing to the agriculture productivity. From the development of industry in Britain forced a transformation of India’s economy- India had to produce raw cotton for export and buy manufactured goods while the cottage industries that made cotton in India were ruined. Fire, possible the result of arson, broke out near Calcutta on January 24th 1857. On February, 26th 1857 Sepoys in Bengal-the 19th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) came to know about the new cartridge and refused to use them. On May, 1857 troopers/ Sepoys at Meerut refused to use their cartridge. They were imprisoned, sentenced ten years of hard labor. The Sepoys in the company knew that it was likely that they would also be asked to use the new cartridge and they too would have to refuse in order to save their caste, religion and social status. When Native Bengal Army were together (assembled) in Meerut on May 10th they broke rank and turned on their commanding officers. Then they liberated regiment that were sentenced by the British and attacked the European and killed all the Europeans they could find, including women and children and burned their house. There were however some contemporary British accounts that suggested some Sepoys guarded their officer to safety and then joint to their mutinous movement. Before they left, the Sepoys of that regiment had accompanied two ladies with their children to safe place, and then they rejoined their mutinous friend. Some officer and their families escaped to Rampur. Despite this at the time wild rumors circulated about the complete massacre (big killing) of all European and native Christian at Meerut the first of many such stories which led British Forces to extremely violent revenged against innocent civilians. In Delhi British were slow to strike back, they proceeded slowly toward Delhi and fought, killed and hang numerous Indian along this area. In this city also a large number of citizens (European and India’s “collaborators”) had been killed by the rebel Sepoys. The Sepoys were set up in the main mosque in the city and neighborhood within the range of Sepoy was bombarded. These included the name of Muslim nobility from all over India, and contained innumerable culture artistic literary and monetary riches. An example would be the lost of the work of Murza Asadsullah Khan Ghalib, thought of as the greatest Indian poet of that era. In Cownpore that became a war of cry for British because the killing of more women and children happened in this area than in Meerut and fired Bibi-Ghar (the house of the ladies) in Cownpore. The killing of the women and children proved to be a mistake by British. When the British retook Cownpore later the soldiers took their Sepoys prisoners to the Bibir-Garh and forced them to lick (suck in) the bloodstains from the wall and the floor. Then they hanged or blew from cannon the Sepoys prisoners. This rebellion also erupted in Awadh very soon after the event in Meerut. The British commander of Lucknow, Henry Lawrence had enough to fortify his position inside the residency compound (defending wall). British forces numbered some 1700 men, including loyal Sepoys. The rebels were unsuccessful; they began a musket fire into the compound. Lawrence, one of the first casualties, the rebel tries to break the wall explosively via underground tunnel. After 90 days of siege number of British was reduced to 300. This action was known as the siege of Lucknow. On the September 25 the British could defeated the mutineers (http://en.wikipedia.org) 2.3 Sepoys    Sepoys were native Indian soldiers (also called sowar). They served in the armies of the English East India Company under British officers trained in the English East India Company’s college at Addiscombe, the company own military school. The presidencies of Bombay, Bengal, and Madras maintained their own Sepoys each with its own commander. They had more troops than the official armies of the British East India Company. In 1857 there were 257,000 Indian troops. In 1851- 2 Sepoys were required to serve overseas during a war in Burma. Hindu tradition stated that those who travel black water (kala pani) would loose their caste and be outside from the Hindu community. The Sepoys were thus very displeased with their deployment (distribute army through the sea) in this case through Kala Pani to Burma. The Sepoys gradually became dissatisfied with various aspects of army life. Their payment was relatively low and after British troops conquered Awadh and Punjab the soldier no longer received extra payment (batta) for service there, because they were considered as “foreign mission”. Finally, officers of Evangelical persuasion in the company’s army (such as Herbert Edwards and Colonel S.G Wheeler) had taken to preach their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity. In 1857, the Bengal Sepoys contained 10 regiments of Indian cavalry (soldier fighting on horse back) and 74 of infantry (soldier who fight on foot). All the cavalry and 45 of the infantry were mutineers and the rest of the infantry units which did not mutiny had to be disbanded or broken up. Once the first mutineers took place, it was clear to most British commander that the grievances or claim which led to it were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian units could be trusted (http://en.wikipedia.org) 2.4 Historical Approach Since the analysis intends to elaborate the battle of British versus Sepoys the historical approach is employed to analyze the literary work. The essence of literary work is imagination, but the imagination that has social and historical context (Ratna, 2004:65). According to Ainudin (2003:46) historical approach is an approach that emphasizes on the understanding the age of creating literary work and also about the development of creating literary work but in this case I only focus on the age of creating literary work. Tennyson who created this poem lived in Victorian Age, the age when England was growing richer and richer and British Empire was already a reality- the colonizing of the British that made them richer and richer. The victim of British colonization was India in which British began when the English East India Company continued to extend its control over India. Ainudin further explains that the historical approach is one of the approaches in appreciating literary work, does not merely discuss about the historical aspect because the final purpose of historical approach is to understand and appreciate the literary work itself. It can be said that the historical approach is an approach or a way to appreciate the literary work. This definition also supported by the definition given by Burris, he states that historical approach sees work as the reflection of the author’s life and time (http://www.literaturedusics.com). From this definition it can be stated that the age of the author’s life is under the historical approach. While the author’s life is one of the scope of historical approach specifically biographical approach that really needs the information of the biographical sketch of the writer. At the same point the definition about historical approach is stated by Meyer. He states that historical approach is a way of approaching the relation of literature and history, however, is to use history as means of understanding of literary work more clearly (1990:1785). It means that historical approach is one of the ways of appreciating literary work. Borrowing the statement of Harlinto in Teknostatik  (2002:67) “history makes literature possible and literature makes history comprehensible”, from this statement I can conclude that literary work is possible to be analyzed by using historical approach and by reading the literary work that contains historical fact we can comprehend more that history. In conclusion, since my analysis is about the battle of British versus Sepoys in which this event happened in the age of the poet in Victorian Age, the historical is employed. In this age British was growing richer and richer, and one of the factors was actually British colonized India. In colonizing India British faced Sepoys was one of the battles that British fought. 2.5 Plot Narrative Poem The poem The Defence of Lucknow is categorized as narrative poem, because of it the analysis will focus on the event or plot as the emphasis of narrative poem. Narrative is poem emphasizing on the plot or event, as Klarer (2004) says in his book that narrative poem tells a story with clearly developed structure of plot. This theory also supported by theory given by Gillespie ET all (1994: 990), they state that narrative poem is a poem that emphasizes on event or action. Because of it, it is really needed the theory of event/ action or plot in the narrative poem. Lonstance P states that that a good narrative poem is same as a good piece of fiction. From his statement, it can be inferred that the elements of narrative poem are same as the elements of piece of fiction. The theory of plot given by Lonstance P, he states that the theory of plot consists of beginning, middle and ending. He further explains that if the action in the plot is bigger, the poem will be longer. In other word, the length of the poem is based on the length of the event.   (http://perioheryarts.blogspots.com) From the theory above, it is clear that there is plot in the narrative poem. Plot in the narrative poem refers to sequence of accident that can be found in the poem which eventually leads the readers’ better understanding what actually the poet wants to say. The plot of the poem consists of beginning, middle, and ending. If the action in the poem is bigger, the poem will be longer. In conclusion, this analysis will focus in the theory of plot in the narrative poem; event or plot in the narrative poem consists of beginning or exposition, middle, and ending or resolution. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design Method is the way how we do the research; in other word method is “vehicle” to do the research.  According to Arikunto (2002: 136) method is the way which is used to collect and analyze the data. It is clear that method is very important in doing the research. The method that I use is descriptive qualitative method. By descriptive method I can explain the data by describing them because descriptive method does not limit only on the data collecting method but involves analysis and interpretation about the meaning of the data (Surakhmad, 1998: 139). By qualitative method I can know that this analysis of the data that is formed by words (Boglan and Taylor in Moleong, 1999:3). The definition about qualitative also supported by the definition given by Walcoot in Alwasilah (2002: 28) he states that the analysis and the interpretation data in the form of narrative. I use library research in collecting the data because I get the data from many documents. 3.2 Data and Data Source 3.2.1. Data Data are something that we analyze. The data of this research consist of primary data and secondary data. Primary data of this research are the stanza and lines of the poem. Meanwhile the secondary are article about the battle of British versus sepoys and essay about the poem. 3.2.2. Data Source Data source of this research consists of primary data source and secondary data source. The primary data source of this research is the poem The Defence of Lucknow and the secondary data source of this research is journal on line and the book that have correlation to the analysis. 3.3 Data Collecting Techniques In collecting the data I use some steps as follow: 1.  Reading the poem The Defence of Lucknow carefully and repeatedly while noting the difficult words to get the meaning of the difficult words in the hope understanding the poem and then taking primary data that are considered crucial and relevant to the problem formulated. 2.  Reading the secondary data source from internet and book that have correlation to the analysis and taking secondary data that can support primary data such as article and essay. 3.  Arranging the entire data and gather into the right pattern as needed in this research. 3.4 Data Analyzing Techniques In processing the data of this research, there are some steps as follow: 1. Selecting the primary data based on the importance; select the necessary ones and excludes the unnecessary ones. 2.  Interpreting the primary data to get more understanding what is actually the meaning of the data and relates to the secondary data 3.  Analyzing the data based on the theory provided.  4.  Evaluating all the things related to the analysis and taking conclusion based on the analysis.   CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS The Defence of Lucknow is a narrative poem that consists of seven stanzas. This poem tells us about the battle of British versus sepoys in which this battle happened in India. In addition this poem is a poem by “handful” of British during Indian Mutiny, 1857. Tennyson investigated the fact of the terrible war. This poem was published in 1857 (Tilak,1999: 253). Since this poem is a narrative poem the analysis will focuses on the action /event or plot as the emphasis of narrative poem. Plot in the narrative poem is divided into three part, beginning, and middle and ending (http://perioheryarts.blogspot.com), therefore the theory of plot is employed. Since the historical approach is applied also, the historical fact is really needed in this analysis. The analysis is as follow, 4.1 Beginning In the beginning of this poem, the poet leads the readers what actually he wants to convey. Through the speaker of this poem he tries to lead his readers that he wants to tell them about war. Simply, the speaker of this poem speaks to others to float the flag as the indication to go to war. In other word, the poet directly leads the readers that he wants to tell them about war. It is stated as follow, Banner of England, not for season, O banner of England, hast thou Floated in conquering battle or flap to the battle cry Never with mightier glory than we had rear’d thee on high Flying at top the roof in the ghastly siege of Lucknow Shot thro’ the staff or the halyard, but ever we raise thee anew And ever upon the topmost roof our banner of England blew (Stanza 1) From these lines, it is clears that the poet wants to leads the readers toward war. It is stated from “Banner of England, not for season”. It seems that there is a person who says to other persons to float the English flag. The word “England” indicates that the person is English person who speaks to others English men. The poet continues with “not for season”, it indicates that the float of the English flag is not for usual seasons, e.g. to appreciate the independence days, but it refers to war. “Banner of Britain” is the repetition of “Banner of England”. This repetition indicates that the speaker wants to make the others become spirit to conquer the war. The second line, the poet directly states that he wants to lead the readers to the battle that is the battle that conquer their enemies or the battle that make their enemy crying. Actually from these two lines, it is clear that he leads his readers to the war or battle. The next line of this poem, Tennyson gives the readers what actually the war is. From the third line of this poem, it is stated that there is no mightier glory or the top of the glory except the independence to float the flag as the sign of victory or the sign of the independent country. In other words, floating flag is the mightier glory than others. The fourth line of this poem, this line really leads the readers what actually the poet wants to say what actually the war is. “The ghastly siege of Lucknow” indicates that this war is only happened when the British was in India in which the British faced sepoys. The siege of Lucknow is one of the series of the event of the battle of British versus sepoys. In addition, actually from the title The Defence of Lucknow , the poet wants to lead the readers to the battle of British versus sepoys that happened in India since Lucknow is the British compound in India and the sepoys attacked this area, and the accident in this area called as the siege of Lucknow (http://en.wikipedia.org). The fifth line of this poem indicates that they float the flag more than once, from the clause “but ever we raised thee anew”, it indicates that British ever raised the flag and they float the flag again. It means that they ever floated the fag as the indication of the war before this war happened. Related to the British expansion to India, actually they ever suppressed a series of battle with Marathas (1775-1782, 1803-1805, and 1817-1818). The British succeeded in Bringing Marathas’ land under their control (http://www.english.emory). It can be concluded that British ever suppressed the war and now they face the war in which they face sepoys in this war. It is related to the last line of the first stanza that they ever won the war. The last line indicates that they should win the war again. In other word the speaker of this poem gives the spirit to go to the war. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that in the beginning of this poem, the poet leads the readers to the war and he continues to the specific war that is the war of British versus sepoys happened in India in 1857. The poet leads the readers to the war in the first stanza as the beginning of the plot. 4.2. Middle In the middle of this poem the poet tells his readers what kind of events that happens in the battle. The poet begins to tell the events of the poem from the second stanza. The events that are depicted in this poem are as follow, 4.2.1 Massacre (the big killing) The massacre or the big killing as happened in the real war also reflected in this poem. The massacre happens because of the frail of the British’s defense. The defense of British is frail; therefore, the sepoys could kill the British men or event the British commander, Henry Laurence. It is depicted as follow, Frail were the work that defended the hold that we held with our lives- Women and children among us, god helps them, our children and wife! Hold it we might-and for fifteen days or twenty at most Never surrender, I charge you, but every man die at his post Voice of the death whom we love, our Laurence the best of the brave Cold were his brows when we kiss’d him-we laid him that night in his grave ‘Every man die at his post!’ and there hail’d on our houses and halls Death from their riffle-bullets, and death from their cannon-balls, Death in our innermost chamber, and death at our slight barricade, Death while we stood with the musket, death while we stoopt to the spade Death to the dying and wound to the wounded, for often there fell Striking the hospital wall, crashing thro’ it, their shot and their shell So that the brute bullet broke thro’ the brain that could think for the rest; Bullet would sing by our head and, and bullet would rain at our feet Death of the glimpse of a finger from over the breath of the street Death from the heights of the mosque and the palace, and death in the ground! (Stanza 2 line 1-18) In the second stanza the poet states that the British is frail in defending their hold, because of it, the frail of the British, the sepoys could kill the British men or even the British’s Commander, Henry Lawrence. This first line of second stanza implicitly states that the sepoys have attacked the British. Tennyson gives directly that the defense of the British were frail. It is described from the inversion “that the works that defended the hold that we held our lives were frail”. Frail can be defined as the very weak defense. “Frail were the works that defended the hold that we held with our lives” according to Tilak (1999: 254) can be defined as in the battle the bond between life and death becomes very delicate and easily cut. The death comes easily because the very weak defense of the British. From the interpretation given by Tilak, it is clear that the death come easily, it means that the massacre happens in this poem also. The next line the frail of the defense is in protecting their lives –women and children although God help them but the wives and the children still need protection by the British from attacking of enemy. This lines is the continuant of the first line that actually British is frail in defending and protecting their wives and children. The third line of the second stanza, British expect that actually they could only suppress for fifteen or twenty days at most. From the essay written by Tilak (1999: 254), stated that the British were frightened to maintain their ground for more than fifteen to twenty days. It is such an expectation of British to suppress the war in the short time. In the massacre the sepoys could kill many English men or even they could kill the British commander, Henry Laurence. It is stated in the fifth line of the second stanza. The speaker states that the one that British love who died in the battle is Henry Laurence, the British commander of Lucknow.  In addition he was injured by eight inch shell with burst in the residency. He suffered from his injury on 4th July 1857(Tilak, 1999:255) and finally he was laid or buried by the British on that night after his death. The next line, from the clause “there hail’d in our houses and hall” that reflects the battle, hail’d is the shower of the bullet to the British house and halls by sepoys that makes some of the British die at his certain position. Related to the battle, when Native Bengal Army was together (assembled) in Meerut, they broke rank and turned on their commanding officer. Then they liberated two regiments that were sentenced by British and attacked the European and killed all the European they could find including women and children and burnt their houses after they showered the halls (http://en.wikipedia.org). This accident is called as the big massacre. The massacre is the big killing that is done by sepoys. The next lines, starting from the eighth lines really inform us that the death of the British men is because of the shower of the rifle bullets and cannon ball that were shot by the sepoys. The attacking of the sepoys was until the innermost chamber (room) of the British house and this death is because the slight barricade of the British-the frail of the British defense.   From this expression it is really clear that the massacre happens in this poem as the reflection of the war. In addition the word “death “in the second stanza is repeated many times. The repetition of the word “death” suggests that the numbers of the British people who are dead are massive. So it can be concluded that the massacre that happens in the battle also reflected in the poem.  The massacre happens because the sepoys attack the British’s residency many times from all over the sides that make the British die. In addition, the death of the British is also supported by the frail of the British’s defense. The defense of the British is frail because the sepoys siege from all over the wide street. The glimpse of the finger can be defined as the frail of the defense of the British because the glimpse of the finger is one of the slightest movements that we can do. It means that the sepoys are really easy to kill since the frail of the defense of the British. In conclusion, the massacre that happens in the real war also happens in this poem. It is described in the second stanza after the beginning. In addition the descriptions in the poem really help us to understand the big massacre in the real war. 4.2.2 The Attacking of the Sepoys via Underground Tunnel In attacking the British compound, the sepoys broke the wall explosively via underground tunnel (http://en.wikipedia.org). This action, the attacking of the sepoys via underground tunnel is reflected in this poem also. The attacking of the sepoys via underground tunnel is reflected as follow, Mine? Yes, a mine! Countermine! Down, down! And creep thro’ the hole! Keep the revolver in hand! You can hear him-the murderous mole Quite, ah! Quite-wait till the point of the pickaxe be thro’! Click with the pick, coming nearer and nearer again that before Now let it speak, and you fire and the dark pioneer is no more And ever upon the topmost roof our banner of England blew (Stanza 2 line 19-24) Mine can be defined as the receptacle filled with explosive placed in the ground (Tilak, 1999: 255). It means that the attacking is also through the underground. “Down, down! Creep thro’ the hole” indicates that actually the attacking of the sepoys through the underground through creeping to the hole. The next expression is actually the resistance of the British toward the sepoys in the underground. It seems that there is a speaker who commends others to keep the revolver in their hand, after they know there is a murderous mole they could shoot them. The murderous mole and the dark pioneer here, refers to the sepoys. The last line of the second stanza is the repetition of the last line of the first stanza. It indicates that that the speaker tries to give spirit to others since they could suppress the war before this war, it means that they must be able to suppress this war also. In addition actually this repetition exists in every stanza, it indicates that they expect to win the war, and actually finally they could win this war.  In addition the attacking of the sepoys via underground is also reflected as follow, Ay, but the foe spring this mine may times, and it chanced on a day Soon as the blast of that underground thunderclap echo’d away Dark thro’ the smoke and the sulphur likes so many fiends in the hell (Stanza 3 line 3) These lines reflect that the attacking of the sepoy is via underground. The foe-the sepoys as the British’s enemy spring their mine many times. It happened on a day soon. The blast of the mine many times is like the thunderclap that comes out from underground. The sound of the explosion is like the underground thunderclap. It results the dark in the smoke and the sulphur like the fiend in the hell. From this hyperbola, simile, the visual imagery, it help us to know the description of the explosion, as we see the explosion of the bomb that result the dark smoke. But this dark smoke of this is extreme dark since the poet describes this by comparing to the fiends in the hell. In other word the explosion result very extremely dark smoke. In short, the attacking of the sepoys via underground is reflected clearly in this poem by giving the description of the sound of the explosion and the smoke as the result of the explosion. This event is reflected also in these lines. Roar upon roar in a moment two mines by enemy sprung Clove into perilous chasms our wall and our poor palisades (Stanza 4 line 9-10) The roar of explosive two mines that are placed by the sepoys in ground that cleave the wall and palisades become perilous chasms. When the sepoys assault the Lucknow the sepoys attacked via underground by placing the mine in the ground. It is also the reflection that the sepoys attacked via underground. Then another morning, another wild earthquake out-tore Clear from our line of defence, ten or twelve good paces or more Rifleman, high on the roof, hidden there from the light of the sun- One has leapt up on the breach, crying out: ‘follow me, follow me!’- Mark him- he falls! Then another, and him too and down goes he Had they been bold enough then, who can tell but the traitors had won. (Stanza 5 line 1-6) In another morning there is an explosive mine that is sprung by the sepoys through placing it in the ground. This event or the placing of the mine is free from the defense of the British. In other word, that the British do not know that it will happen a gain. Simply this attacking is not known by the British. The description above indicates the running away of the British hastily to save them selves from the explosive of the mine. Ever the day with its traitorous death from the loopholes around, Ever the night with its confinlles corpse to be laid in the ground (Stanza 6 line 7-8) These lines also reflect the attacking of the sepoys via underground tunnel that happens in the war. It ever happens in the whole day there is death that is caused by disloyal people. The disloyal people here, refers to the sepoys who rebels. It also ever happens in the whole night, the corpse that would be buried (to be laid in the ground). From the description above, it can be inferred that there is an action that make the British people die. The action is the sepoys’ attacking via underground tunnel, since loopholes can be defined as the way in the underground. It means that these events happen in the underground. 4.2.3 The Assault of the Sepoys The sepoys attack the British by using their guns such cannon ball and musket. They shoot those cannon ball and musket to the British.  The shooting of those guns is depicted as follow. Cannon-shot, musket –shot, volley on volley, and yell upon yell- Fiercely on all the defences our myriad enemy fell What have they done? Where is it? Our yonder guard the Redan! Storm at the Water-gate! Storm at the Bailey-gate! Storm and it run Surging and swaying all around us, as ocean on every side Plunges and heaves at a bank that is daily devour’d by the tide (Stanza 3 line 3-8) The shoot of the cannon balls and the shoot of the light guns (musket) are discharged by the sepoys. Volley on volley-the discharge of the cannon balls and musket simultaneously is in quick succession. This striking is actually the discharge of the sepoys to attack the British. It is related to the war that actually fire as the result of arson (http://.en.wikipedia.org). The fire of the cannon balls and musket is really reflected in this poem that refers to the war. The next line of this expression “myriad enemy”, it indicates that the sepoys who fell the cannon and bullet are many, it can be concluded that the cannon and the bullet that are fallen are in the massive number. Actually this line is inversed so that it is little bit complicated to be understood. To get better understanding of this line, it is better to change to be “our myriad enemy fell fiercely on all the defenses”. It indicates that the discharge of the cannon and musket is in the massive number to all the defense of the British fiercely. The discharge of the sepoys is also continued in the lines. The next expression states that there is English man who asks what sepoys have done and where it happens. There is another British who answer out yonder (out side). He asks to guard the Redan, it is implicitly there is an attacking outside. The Redan is actually the place in Lucknow (Tilak, 1999: 256). The British says to the others that there is attacking in the Water-gate and Bailey-gate that is caused by the enemy. From the history, actually the sepoys fell the musket fire into the compound- Lucknow (as the British compound) (http://.enwikipedia.org). The sepoys attack the British compound, they siege it. It is like on every side which plunges and heaves at the bank that is daily devoured by the tide. It means that the sepoys do big attacking to the British compound and they siege from every side. The depiction is same as to the depiction as the real war that the sepoys fell musket fire to the compound. The sepoys siege the compound from every side and this action was known as the siege of Lucknow (http://en.wikipedia.org). The assault of the sepoys is also reflected in the sixth stanza. These lines indicate that the sepoys remain their assault or attacks. Then day and night, day and night, coming down on the shatter’d wall Million of musket-bullets and thousand of cannon- balls But ever upon topmost roof our banner of England blew. (Stanza 6 line 20-22) This expression, the assault of the sepoys appears in the last sixth stanza indicates that the sepoys still remain their attack although the British stroke back the attack to them. Still they (sepoys) shot their cannon and musket bullet many times to the wall of the British compound. 4.2.4 The Resistance or Revenge of the British After the sepoys attacked the British that caused the death of the British, the British revenge it, striking back to the sepoys. So many thousand that if they be bold enough, who shall escape? Killed or be killed, live or die, they shall know we are soldier and men Ready! Take aim at their ladder, their masses are gapp’d with our grape Backward they reel like the wave, like the wave flinging forward a gain Flying and foil’d at the last by the handful they could not subdue. And ever topmost roof our banner of England blew (Stanza 3 line 10-15) British stroke back to the sepoys as their revenge. The sepoys were bold enough to attack the British, the British considered. The British will show that they are soldiers who have bravery to strike back to the sepoys. “Killed or be killed, live or die”, it indicates that the British’s struggle to attack the sepoys. The British will sacrifice them selves to attack (strike back) to the sepoys. “Who shall escape?” it suggests who will be the victory in the war. It means that the British really dare to strike back or attack the sepoys. They really believe that they could suppress the war. In conclusion, actually these lines reflect the spirit of British to revenge as Tilak says that this poem is actually a poem with the revenge (1999: 253). It means that the sepoys attacked the British; the British did stroke back to attack the sepoys. And the striking back of the British is also reflected in the poem. The descriptions above really state that the British assault back to the sepoys. The assault of the British is also compared to the wave as the assault of the sepoys. It means that the British do assault to the sepoys and the assault of the British is like the reel of the big wave that will fling a thing that it faces. The wave will destroy it. It indicates that the striking back of the British is big that the sepoys can not subdue it. This is such big revenge that can not be cool that must be expressed outright what they face. It refers that British have big revenge toward sepoys. Handful of men as we were, we were English in heart and in limb Strong with the strength of race to command, to obey, to endure Each of us as if hope for the garrison hung but on him Still could we watch at all point? We were every day fewer and fewer There was whisper among us, but only a whisper that past ‘Children and wives-if the tigers leap into the fold unawares- Every man die at his post- and foe may outlive us at last Better to fall by the hand that they love, than to fall into theirs (Stanza 4 line 1-8) The bravery of the British men is stated in this poem, “we were English in heart and in limb”- we were English in heart and in limb and we were brave to strike back. They believe that they will strong that they are together as a group who will obey to their commander. “Race of command” can be defined as the togetherness of the racing contestants who obey the command to start racing.  In the racing is clear enough to start running by obeying the sign of their commander. Because of the togetherness to obey the commander, it will make them becoming strong. They will fight the sepoys that they hope they could hang on the sepoys. The third line of the fourth stanza, refers to the action happened in the real war that the British hang the sepoys prisoners as stated in http://en.wikipedia.org that they could hang and blew the sepoys from cannon. It means that this event is not clearly depicted in this poem since this event is such the British hope in this poem. The fourth line indicates that although the British do resistance with their big struggle and bravery but still the number of the British every day is fewer and fewer. It means that the striking back of the British is not successful. The whisper of the women and children that had died becomes the spirit of the British men to revenge them to the sepoys. If the enemy comes into the fold-the residency in Lucknow (Tilak, 1999: 256) it will make British die because they (the sepoys) will kill them. The sepoys can outlive. It means that the British really want to defend this place. They were better to fight to the sepoys than they fall into theirs outright. Riffle man, true is your heart, but be sure that your hand be as true Sharp is the fire of assault, better aimed are your flank fusillades Twice do we hurl them to earth from the ladder to which they had clung Twice from the ditch where they Shelter we drive them with hand grenades And ever upon topmost our banner of England blew (Stanza 4 line 11-15) The British strike back and they could hurl the sepoys and they could ditch the sepoys by using the hands grenades. It is such kind of British’s attacking to the sepoys. Boarding and rafters and doors-an embrasure I make way for gun Now double-charge it with grape! It is charged and we fire and they run (Stanza 5 line 7-8) The effort of the British to attack the sepoys is through the embrasure that they made. Embrasure is an opening made by tools on edges of walls and roof for gun. They make an embrasure in the boarding (long and narrow wooden boards), rafters (framework of roof and door) (Tilak, 1999:257). This is such an effort to attack the sepoys. Men will forget what we suffer and not we do. We can fight! But to be soldier and to be sentinel all thro’ the night Bugles and drum in the darkness and shouting and sounding to arm Ever the labor of fifty that had to be done by five Ever the marvel among us that one should be left a live (Stanza 6 line 1-6) The effort of the British is also reflected in this line. In the time of the war every one will only remember what they do, they will forget their suffering. They could fight bravely. The British soldiers are ready to fight all day long and to be guard and remain awake all through the night. It is big effort of the British to strike back and face the battle. In other word, the soldier will be ready every time to face and guard and they never sleep and rest. The sound of the bugle and drum in the night indicates that the British are really spirit and remain awake all night. It is the effort of the British to revenge and to defense their compound. The British is fewer and fewer but they fight bravely, a single soldier fight with the strength of ten soldiers. 4.2.5 The Loyalty of Some Sepoys toward the British They are some sepoys who are still faithful with British when the battle occurred. There are some sepoys who wanted to guard their officer to safety. The loyalty of the some sepoys is also reflected in this poem. Praise to our Indian brother and let the dark faces have his due! Thanks to the kindly dark faces who fought with us, faithful and few Fought with the bravest among us, and drove them and smote them and slew That ever upon topmost roof our banner kin India Blew (Stanza 5 line 9-11) These lines really refers to the dark faces (sepoys) who want to help the British or still faithful toward English because they still wants to help them when the battle occurred. The British really thank toward them. In the real war actually this event really happens. The sepoys of that regiment had accompanied two ladies with their children to the safe place (http://en.wikipedia.org). 4.2.6 The Killing of the British by Sepoys Proved as Big Mistake by the British The killing of the British (women and children and other British men) is also reflected in this poem. This event is reflected as follow. Heat like the mouth of a hell, or a deluge of cataract skies Stench of old offal decaying, and infinite torment of flies Thought of the breeze of may blowing over in English field Cholera, scurvy, and fever, the wound that can not be heal’d Lopping away of the limb by the pitiful-pitiless knife- (Stanza 6 line 9-13) The wound of it is caused by the sepoys. They killed the British that they could find. It is compared by the lopping away of the limb of the pitiful-pitiless knife. It cab be inferred that the killing of the British by the sepoys is done violently. And this killing is proved as big mistake by the British. Valour of delicate women who tended the hospital bed Horror of women in travail among the dying and the dead Grief for our perishing children and never a moment and grief Toil and ineffable weariness, faltering hope of relief, Havelock baffled, or eaten, or butcher’d for all that we knew- (Stanza 6 line 15-17) The women, who are considered frail and weak, serve as nurses and thus show their courage. The horror of women among the dying and the dead of the British men, women and children are in the hospital. They are really sad because of the death of the children that are killed by the sepoys, because they do not have time to grief for their children. From this, it can be concluded that the poet inserts the killing of the British although he does not depict clearly. He only depicts that event implicitly. In addition, actually the British considered that the killing of the women and children by the sepoys was proved as big mistake by the British. When the British retook Cownpore later the soldier took their sepoys prisoners to Bibi Gharh and force them to lick (suck in ) the bloodstain from the walls and the floor. Then they hang of blew from the cannon the sepoys (http://.en.wikipedia.org). The killing of the women and children by the sepoys is proved as big mistake that can not be forgiven. It is stated implicitly from the clause “the wound that can not be heal’d”. ‘That can not be hail’d’ can be interpreted as the mistake that can not be forgiven. This is such the revenge of the British to the sepoys. And it also reflected in it is poem. Torture and trouble in vain, for it never could save us a life (Stanza 6 line 14) From this line, the torture by the British toward the sepoy is considered vain since the British can only torture the sepoys Prisoners to lick the blood stain then they blew them from the cannon (http://en.wikipedia.org). 4.2.7 The Suppression of the Battle by the British Finally the British could suppress the sepoy rebellion. The suppression of the British that gives them the victory is also reflected in this poem. Hark cannonade, fusillade! It is true what was told by the scout. Outram and Havelock breaking their way through the fell mutineers? (Stanza 7 line 1-2) The suppression of the war was done by the British Army Outram and Havelock by breaking their way attacking through the fell mutineers. It seems that they use the fell mutineers as a means to suppress the battle. ”told by the scout” can be interpreted as the information that is given by the soldier; spies. Because the British could get the information how to suppress the war through the use of the fell mutineers as the means to suppress it, so they could suppress it. They got the way how to suppress was from their spies. 4.3 Ending Finally the British won the war after they could suppress it. And the British acclaim the war very jubilant. The jubilance of the British in acclaiming their victory is reflected as follow, Surely the pibroch of Europe is ringing again in our ears! All on a sudden the garrison utter a jubilant shout, Havelock’s glorious Highlander answer with conquering cheers Sick from the hospital echo them, women and children come out, Blessing the wholesome white faces of Havelock’s good fusiliers, Kissing the war harden’d hand of the Highlander wet with their tears! Dance to the pibroch!-saved! We are saved! –is it you? Is you? Saved by the valour of Havelock, saved by the blessing of heaven. ‘Hold it for fifteen days!’ we have held it for eighty seven! And ever aloft on the palace roof of the old banner of England blew (Stanza 7 line 3-12) “Surely the pibroch” can be interpreted as the kind of music that is the Europe’s music (Tilak, 1999: 252). When this music is ringing, it indicates the winning of the British. It is also supported by “All on sudden the garrison utters a jubilant shout”. This line really indicates that they shout jubilantly that indicates the winning of the war. Jubilant can be interpreted as joyful or victorious or happy. They are very happy, their happiness is because they could suppress or even win the war. The fifth line of the last stanza really indicates that the British could win the war. Havelock, General of British Army (Tilak, 1999: 258) could suppress the war. “Conquering cheer” could be interpreted as their cheer because they could conquer the war. The sick people from the hospital and also women and children come out to acclaim their winning. They want to acclaim it by coming out from hospital to acclaim to wholesome white faces of Havelock’s good fusileers. This description is the expression of British people because they could win the war. The women and children kiss the war hardened hand of Highlander, they fall their tears to those hand. It also indicates that they are very happy and thank to the Highlander because they could win the war. The last stanza of this poem is stated clearly that the British won the war. They are very jubilant because they could suppress it. In other word they could conquer the war; because of it they were very happy or cheer. In this expression the British could suppress the war by their power specifically by the General Army-Havelock Army. They want to suppress it in fifteen days but they could suppress it in eighty seven days. And it is also stated in Tilak (1999: 254) that the Englishmen could suppress the mutineers by their power. The ringing of the piproch and dance to the piproch indicate the victory and they acclaim it.   CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION According to the analysis that I have elaborated in the chapter four, finally I take a conclusion in this chapter. From the analysis of the battle of the British versus sepoy in the poem The Defence of Lucknow by Alfred Tennyson, I can derive a conclusion that in the poem there are some descriptions of events in the battle that happened in 1857 as described by Alfred Tennyson. In the beginning of the poem the poet leads his reader to the topic (war) that he wants to convey to his readers and he continues to leads the readers to the specific war that is the war of British versus sepoys. In other word, the description of the beginning of the poem is in the first stanza as the beginning of the plot. Then he begins to describe the events that happened in the battle in the second stanza as the middle of the plot in this poem. Those events are the massacre by the sepoys toward the British, the attacking of the sepoys via underground tunnel, the assault of the sepoys, the revenge of the British, the loyalty of the sepoys toward the British, and the killing of the British by sepoys proved as big mistake by the British and also the suppression of the battle. Those events described by Alfred Tennyson. In ending, he also inserts that the British could win the war. The winning of the British is described by the jubilance of British people. It can be said the ending of the poem is the jubilance of the British because they could suppress the battle. ABSTRACT The Battle of British versus Sepoys as Portrayed in Alfred Tennyson’s The Defence of Lucknow By Sarji 0411121 This thesis mainly focuses on discussing about the battle of British versus Sepoys which happened in India in 1857 in which this battle had diverse causes- economy, religion, culture, and military. Through this thesis I attempt to figure out the relation between literature and history in which I use historical approach to analyze the poem The Defence of Lucknow. This poem is written by Alfred Tennyson, the great poet in Victorian Age. In making the poem Tennyson was inspired by that event. To do the research I put the history of British expansion to India, the battle of British versus sepoys, sepoys, and historical approach. Since my analysis only focuses on the plot of narrative poem, the theory of plot in the narrative poem is employed. I got and collect the primary data from the poem The Defence of Lucknow by Alfred Tennyson in the form of lines of the poem. While secondary data are article about the battle of British versus sepoys that I take from internet and essay about the poem that I take from the book related to this research. By doing this research I could find the description of the battle of British versus sepoys in which it is described by exploring the events of the battle. Those events are the massacre, the attacking of the sepoys via underground tunnel, the assault of the sepoys, the resistance or revenge of the British, and the suppresssion of the battle. Those events are explored in the middle of the plot. Meanwhile in the beginning Tennyson leads his reader to what actually he wants to convey and in the end he gives them the winning of the British because they could suppress the war. It means that he concerns to the events in the battle that are brought in The Defence of Lucknow. REFERENCES Ainudin. 2000. Pengantar Apresiasi Karya Satra. Bandung. PT. Sinar Baru Agesindo. Awasilah, Chaedar A. 2002. Pokoknya Kualitatif. Bandung dan Jakarta: PT. Dunia Pustaka Jaya and Pusat study Sunda. Arikunto, Suharmisi. 2000. Prosedure Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 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Sepoys War of 1857. http://www.english_emory.edu/bahri/mutiny_html. Accessed on June, 15th 2007.   Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. 2004. Teori Metode dan Teknik Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Balajar. Surakhmad, Winarno. 2002. Pengantar Penelitian Ilmiah, Dasar Metode dan Tekhnik. Bandung: Tarsito. Tilak, Raghukul. 1999. Studies in Poet Alfred Tennyson. New Delhi: Karol Bagh. …………... 2007 Indian Rebellion of 1857. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/indian_rebellion_of 1857. Accessed on June, 15th 2007. THE BATTLE OF BRITISH VERSUS SEPOY IN 1857 AS PORTRAYED IN ALFRED TENNYSON’S THE DEFENCE OF LUCKNOW (Thesis) By Sarji 04111121 SUBMITTED AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE SARJANA DEGREE AT THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT  OF SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEKNOKRAT BANDAR LAMPUNG 2007